Development of Freshness Indicator (FI) for Skate Sashimi (Zearaja chilensis) to Detect Trimethylamine Content During Storage

Abstract

The seafood industry is increasingly adopting intelligent packaging to preserve product quality and improve freshness transparency. This study developed and evaluated a pH-sensitive freshness indicator (FI) for skate sashimi (Zearaja chilensis). This product is consumed at varying stages of fermentation. The FI incorporated bromothymol blue (BTB) and bromocresol purple (BCP) in a polymer matrix. It targeted volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) compounds, with trimethylamine (TMA) as the primary marker. As freshness declined, VBN compounds accumulated in the package headspace and caused a gradual FI color change from yellow to blue through pH variation. Delta E increased from 7.72 on day 2 to 23.52 on day 3. This marked the onset of visible color change and the FI reached full blue by day 7. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) quantified monomethylamine (MMA), dimethylamine (DMA) and TMA throughout storage. Delta E correlated strongly with total bacterial count (TBC, r = 0.978), pH (r = 0.901) and TMA (r = 0.888). These results indicate that microbial growth, alkalinity increase and amine production were closely associated with color transitions. The FI reliably tracked freshness loss in skate sashimi. It has potential to enhance consumer transparency and strengthen quality control in the seafood supply chain.