How Older Adults with Chronic Conditions Perceive Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Based Virtual Humans: A Q Methodology Approach

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study examines the subjective perceptions of older adults with mild chronic conditions regarding an artificial intelligence (AI)-based caregiving device, referred to as an "AI Human", by identifying and categorising their viewpoints through Q methodology. Methods: We conducted the study in February 2025 at two adult welfare centres in Buyeo, South Korea. Thirteen older adults used the AI Human device with support for at least 15 days. We initially generated 152 opinion statements through a literature review, focus group interviews, and AI-assisted methods and refined them to a Q sample of 34 statements. Participants completed Q sorts, and we used Ken-Q Analysis software (version 2.0.1) to analyse the data, applying principal component analysis and Varimax rotation. Results: Four distinct perception types emerged: (1) emotionally engaged users prioritise reminiscence and emotional interaction; (2) present-oriented conversationalists prefer real-time, everyday dialogue; (3) usage-burdened users are interested in the device but experience usage difficulty; and (4) function-oriented users value health and caregiving functions. Conclusions: The acceptance of AI caregiving devices among older adults varies based on their emotional needs, conversation preferences, technical accessibility, and perceived usefulness. This study provides theoretical and practical insights for developing personalised, elder-friendly AI systems that support ageing and promote emotional well-being.