Physical, Chemical, and Sensory Properties of Antioxidant-Enriched Raw and Cooked Rice by Vacuum-Drying Impregnation in a Semidry State

Abstract

Vacuum drying was employed with a vacuum impregnation technique in a semidry state to enrich rice with antioxidants of beetroot juice. The properties of the vacuum-dried raw and cooked rice grains were characterized. The various raw rice grains (three varieties and two storage time periods) exhibited a significant absorption of beetroot juice, which was evident from the red-violet beetroot color of the rice, as distinguished from the white color of the control. The color increase (Delta E = 20-40) was linear with the juice content (R-2 = 0.96-0.99). Their total phenolic (TP) contents and 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) scavenging activities were enhanced (Delta TP = 21-260 mg of gallic acid equivalents/I00 g of rice db and Delta DPPH = 22-64 mg of vitamin C equivalents/100 g of rice db). Their grain integrity was reduced (Delta force = 1 to 63), which was potentially associated with the formation of grain surface cracks (linear relationship of %crack and %juice with R-2 = 0.94-0.98). After cooking, the enriched rice grains were linearly elongated with added juice (R-2 = 0.88-0.97, up to 1.6-, 2.0-, and 2.0-fold for Sanpatong 1, Khao Dawk Mali 105, and Chainart 1 rice samples, respectively), and the overall volume of the cooked rice was increased (likely not linear, up to 3.2-, 4.3-, and 4.8-fold for Sanpatong I. Khao Dawk Mali 105, and Chainart 1 rice samples, respectively). Such improvements in cooking qualities were obtained by this simple vacuum-drying technique, in comparison to existing rice-aging processes that are more time consuming. The sensorial scores of the resultant rice products were excellent. Vacuum drying is an effective tool to improve the antioxidant value of rice as well as its cooking quality, and the raw quality remains appreciable. It is a simple and rapid process that could be practical for manufacturing healthy rice products.