明 宣德･正統年間의 재해 발생과 流民･逃戶

Abstract

It is about 60 to 70 years after from Hongwu Emperor(洪武帝), who is the first king of Ming(明) dynasty, founded the country. In the era of Xuande(宣德, 1426∼1435) and Zhengtong(正統, 1436∼1449), The country suffered from various natural disasters such as drought, flood, locusts, epidemic, earth quake and blizzard. From early to middle period of Ming dynasty, the whole Earth suffered from drought and famine every year because its climate changed into Little Ice Age from Cold Age. The climate was colder and drier than Yuan(元) dynasty, so its precipitation was little and the number of drought disasters was bigger than ever before. Disasters occur by various causes in sort of nature, geography, climate and water system, so their amount and scale can be dramatically different. In this thesis, I research natural disasters during fifth and seventh year of Xuande and sixth to seventh year of Zhengtong when the tax exemption rate rapidly increased. For a convenient research, I divide the territories of the country into four parts. Firstly, the north territories such as Shǎnxī(陝西), Shānxī(山西), Níngxià(寧夏) and Liáodōng(遼東) where are the most dangerous land because of Mongolia and Jurchen’s threat. Second part is the north of Huaihe(淮河); particularly BeiZhili(北直隷), Henan(河南) and Shandong(山東). Third part is the territory of Jiang Huai(江淮) where was known as one of the most heavy taxes, and it includes NanZhili(南直隷), Jiangsu(江蘇), Zhejiang (浙江), Jiāngxi(江西), Anhui(安徽) and Huguang(湖廣). Last part of the division is Huanan(華南) and Xinan(西南) where the minority lived land such as Fujian(福建), Guangdong(廣東), Guangxi(廣西), Sìchuan(四川), Guizhou(貴州) and Yunnan(雲南). After the era of Xuande, disasters of flood, drought and locusts occurred every year. According to the numbers of disasters, in the fifth to seventh year of Zhengtong. BeiZhili, Shandong, NanZhili, Shanxi and Huanan had serious damage and Guangxi, Guizhou and Yunnan had relatively lesser damage than them. People who suffered from disasters lost their own homes and wondered around to survive. When I analyze local papers of each seventh year of Xuande and Zhengtong, I could find out decrease of population in the north territory of Huánán and Xinan. Henan is the only state where population increase appeared because of the influx of people from Shanxi and Shandong. The primary problem was people who had to make salt and guard their states made huge escape, and ordinary people who must serve for the dynasty also escaped.