Mn3O4 based materials for electrochemical supercapacitors: Basic principles, charge storage mechanism, progress, and perspectives

Abstract

The captivating properties of supercapacitors (SCs) such as high power and reasonably high energy densi-ties made them stand up as a versatile solution to emerging energy storage applications. Thus, everyone is in pursuit of improvisation of the energy storage characteristics of SCs. Hausmannite or manganese oxide (Mn3O4) is a widely studied electrode material considering its fascinating features such as high theoretical capacitance (1370 F/g), variable oxidization states, prominent Jahn-Teller effect, broad poten-tial window, environmentally benign and cost-effectiveness. A lot of research has been carried out on this material to unfold and improve its electrochemical aspects. In this review, comprehensive knowledge and innovative attempts taken to improve its energy storage of Mn3O4 material are discussed. Firstly, the basic properties concerned with electrochemical charge storage such as valance states, crystal structure, band diagram and energy storage mechanism are discussed, followed by putting forth the limitations of Mn3O4. Later on, various strategies adopted to improve the electrochemical attributes of Mn3O4 such as making composite with carbon-based materials, metal-based materials, polymers or doping metal atoms are thorough. Finally, remarks on key scientific points and perspectives for further development of energy storage in Mn3O4 conclude this review. (c) 2022 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The editorial office of Journal of Materials Science & Technology.