新出資料로 본 百濟의 方과 郡

Abstract

Backje divided the whole area into 5 bang and built the local administration system that bangseong(方城) controls several gun. And then Baekje made the newly pioneered regions be the same system. For example, after conquering Hanseong area from Goguryeo with the cooperation of Silla, Baekje organized the area into 6 gun, and them into Udu-bang and Nimi-bang again. By doing so, two metropolitan units connecting one gun and the other gun were made. Such local administration system of Baekje is a help to understand Tanya-bang(彈耶方)'s character written on the Neungsanri wooden tablet. It is possible for Tanya-bang to be one of the newly pioneered areas outside 5 bang in the middle and later 6th centuries. Tanya-bang coexisted with 5 bang and was a metropolitan administration unit that controlled several gun. Thinking of the borrowed sound ‘ya(耶)', it can be Gaya area at the Seomjin river basin outside Gujiha-bangseong in the south. It seems that Tanya-bang was under the control of Gujiha-bangseong as a gun after the area was settled down. Meanwhile, when observing the materials of 5 bangseong and Nandara-seong(難珍阿城), we can see that the inside of bangseong and gunseong all consists of the connected structure of seong(城) and seong. It seems to come with the intention of making military system for defence and attack. With the fall of Hanseong, Baekje that retreated to Ungjin planned the local administration unit connecting region to region and castle(seong) to castle with defence and attack as a first standard. It was just 22 Damro-system from 520s to 530s. Damro seems to borrow the sound dara, and Nandara looks like one of the 22 Damro. They were all organized on the common name dara, that is Damro, because the symbol of binding all the regions is mountain or castle. The reason bangseong and gunseong have the same inner structure is that they came from Damro. Related to it, it is noteworthy that Baekje dispatched three generals of gun(郡將) to gunseong. In the previous studies, the three was considered as the commander for the division of labor. I however think that the reason of three generals is that gunseong has the structure connecting a center castle and right and left castles. The Epitaph for Jin Beobja tells us that Backje gunseong has the class of big-gun/small-gun, and three generals have the class as well so that the first general of big-gun was called daegunjang(大郡將). Such a class of gunseong was made because Damro was not homogeneous from the beginning. Of the Damro, there was a core region that is important for the strategic purposes, and Baekje established the stronger metropolitan region by binding Damro around with damro as the core. I think that being redivided these big-damro into bangseong and big-gunseong and settled down is a system of bang, gun, and seong. Based on the present materials, it is hard to confirm whether all 37 gun of Baekje have three generals and the similar structure with bangseong or only frontier gunseong in the front line has the same structure with Nandara-seong. Relating to it, it is noticeable that 5 bang, 37 gun, and 200 seong at the end of Baekje changed into 5 dodokbu, 37 ju, and 250 hyeon at the Tang occupation. I am sure that with the same territory, increasing from 200 seong to 250 hyeon(as seong) is related with the structure of 5 bang and 37 gun. It seems that the small castles inside bangseong and gunseong took apart into the common independent castles, and that the fact the number of castle was approximately 50 means that the structure of 37 gun was not homogeneous. Bogamri wooden tablets tells us that Duhil-seong at Bogamri, Naju, was gunseong, and the common castles such as Banna, Gunna, and so on were under the control of Duhil-seong. After the Tang occupation such a local administration system was handed down, and only Duhil-seong divided into Daebang-ju and Jukgun-hyeon. Silla that destroyed Baekje was however different with it. According to the Samguksagi, Silla broke up the structure of Duhil-gunseong that controlled Banna, Gunna, and so on, degraded the administrational position of Duhil-gun and arranged it Duhilh-yeon under Balla-gun. Silla made Banna region independent and ungraded it gun. By doing so, Silla tried to set up the new power structure at the Yeongsan river basin.