Phosphorus-doped mesoporous g-C3N4 as a dual-functional Photoplatform for hydrogen peroxide production and rh-complex-assisted CO2-to-formic acid conversion

초록

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an environmentally benign oxidant with broad industrial applications, whereas formic acid (HCOOH) is also a crucial C1 feedstock for pharmaceutical and chemical industries. Developing a single platform for these two distinct reactions remains a significant challenge because it requires efficient visible-light harvesting, suitable band-edge positions, rapid charge separation, and accelerated interfacial charge-transfer kinetics. Herein, we developed a phosphorus-doped mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride (PMGCN) photocatalyst that integrates carbon and oxygen photochemistry within the platform. PMGCN photocatalyst effectively produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) from water and dissolved oxygen, and rhodium-assisted HCOOH production from carbon dioxide (CO2). Under optimized conditions, the PMGCN photocatalyst affords an H2O2 production rate of 18.3 ± 0.07 μmol h−1 g−1, 103.09 ± 0.71 μM of HCOOH production, and 38.74 ± 0.24% 1,4-NADH regeneration from NAD+ cofactor with an apparent quantum yield of 5.7%. These findings demonstrate that mesoporous phosphorus doping effectively tailors the electronic structure and charge-transfer properties of graphitic carbon nitride, providing a versatile visible-light photocatalytic platform for the sustainable production of value-added oxidants and solar fuels. © 2026 Published by Elsevier B.V.

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