1~3세기 고구려-낙랑군 관계와 접경 공간

초록

This article examines the relationship between Goguryeo and the Lelang Commandery from the first to the third centuries CE, focusing on the transformation of their frontier zones. It first analyzes the political instability and administrative reorganization of the Lelang Commandery in the first century and the resulting relationships among Goguryeo, the Lelang Commandery, and the so-called “Lelang State.” It then traces, in a chronological manner, Goguryeo’s southward expansion and the corresponding contraction and reconfiguration of the Lelang Commandery’s territorial scope during the second and third centuries. In the sixth year of Jianwu (30 CE), the suppression of Wang Diao’s rebellion and the implementation of the Later Han administrative retrenchment policy led to the abolition of the Eastern Section Commandant and the reorganization of the “Seven Eastern Counties” into marquisates. This marked a fundamental shift in the Lelang Commandery’s mode of frontier governance and provided Goguryeo with new opportunities to expand into northeastern Korea. The Hodong narrative recorded in the Samguk sagi can be understood as reflecting the movements of local elites from the Seven Eastern Counties who came under Goguryeo’s influence. The “Lelang State” and “King Choi Ri” appearing in the narrative were likely the Goguryeo-side perceptions and recollections of marquisate-level polities and their leaders in the eastern frontier region. Furthermore, if the Jamji-rak (蠶支落) group is identified with Chantai County, Goguryeo’s advance into the eastern frontier in the early first century should be understood not as a sudden development culminating in the conquest of Okjeo under King Taejo, but rather as a process unfolding amid unstable frontier conditions characterized by repeated submission and defection. A comparison of the Hou Hanshu “Treatise on Commanderies and Kingdoms” and the Jinshu geographical treatise reveals that the Lelang Commandery maintained its northern counties along the Cheongcheon River until the mid-second century, but by the early third century its territory had contracted significantly to areas south of the Taedong River. This transformation, however, should not be interpreted simply as the result of Goguryeo’s direct occupation. Considering the continued military interventions by Lelang and Daifang forces until the mid-third century, it is more plausible that the region north of the Taedong River functioned for a time as a depopulated or buffer zone shaped by both Goguryeo’s military pressure and the Lelang Commandery’s administrative withdrawal. Ultimately, the Goguryeo–Lelang relationship from the late second to the early third century was characterized by layered processes of pressure, retreat, and reorganization, through which the frontier space itself was reconstituted in a fluid manner. This study thus suggests that the boundary between Goguryeo and the Lelang Commandery should be understood not as a fixed territorial line, but as a frontier zone dynamically shaped by competition, negotiation, and shifting power relations.

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