Iron-enrichment of kale via combination moderate electric field processing enhances iron delivery in vitro

초록

Combination-moderate electric field (MEF) processing successfully increases the iron content of kale by similar to 160 & times; as compared to untreated kale, but it is unknown whether this kale better delivers iron. It is also not known how combination-MEF treatments impact other nutritionally relevant bioactive kale compounds. This study aimed to (1) determine intestinal delivery of iron from the iron-enriched kale leaf following in vitro digestion and (2) assess ascorbic acid (AA), carotenoid, and alpha-tocopherol (i.e., vitamin E) concentrations in the combination-MEF treated kale. AA, carotenoids and alpha-tocopherol were separated and quantitated from non-polar kale extracts using high-performance liquid chromatography-diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD). Iron-enriched kale, hemoglobin, and FeSO4 were digested in vitro, and the digesta was centrifuged, filtered, diluted 16x, and applied to confluent Caco-2 cells. The combination-MEF treated kale increased cell ferritin 4.4 & times; and 1.8 & times; relative to FeSO4 and hemoglobin, respectively. The combination-MEF treatment decreased beta-carotene and lutein by 3-4 & times;, produced no change in alpha-tocopherol, and increased AA 3 & times;, as compared to untreated kale. In conclusion, combination-MEF treated kale is a potentially excellent source of dietary iron for those at risk of iron deficiency, and the combination-MEF treatment merits further investigation for its ability to enrich other vegetables with iron.

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