조선시대의 법맥 인식과 나옹 법통의 역사성

초록

This paper introduces the leading groups of the Jogye school and their lineages in late Goryeo and early Joseon. It also examines the various dharma theories that emerged in the first half of the 17th century and the historical contexts surrounding these theories. It then explores the historical implications of Naong Hyegeun, the renowned Seon master of Goryeo, who continued to be recognized highly in late Joseon even though he was pushed out of the main dharma lineage. In the late Goryeo era, Taego Bou and Naong Hyegeun stood as the most authoritative figures of their time, serving as state and royal preceptors, respectively. Their respective disciples, Mogam Chanyeong and Hwanam Honsu, also commanded respect. However, the landscape shifted dramatically when Naong’s disciple, Muhak Jacho, was appointed as the first royal preceptor of Joseon. Muhak’s lineage, a sublineage of Naong’s, led the early Joseon Buddhist community, and afterward, Jigong, Naong, and Muhak were revered as the three masters. However, in late Joseon, Jigong and Muhak were completely excluded from the main Seon lineage, and instead, Hwanam emerged as the successor and link in the lineage of Naong and Taego that was transmitted to Cheongheo Hyujeong. The first half of the 17th century witnessed the establishment of lineage theories that reflected the different understandings of Korean Buddhist Seon. The first was the so-called “Goryeo Naong lineage theory,” which encompassed the various Seon traditions of Goryeo with Naong Hyegeun as the forefather. Shortly thereafter, the “Imje-Taego dharma lineage theory” was presented and formalized, which claimed the Chinese Linji Buddhist lineage transmitted by Taego Bou as orthodox. Around this time, the “Imje-Naong lineage theory,” which embraced both Naong’s Chinese Linji lineage transmission and the Ganhwa Seon that influenced Joseon monks, also appeared. However, in the end, the Imje-Taego theory, which was more in line with the needs of the time, was confirmed as orthodox. Yet, the authority and prestige of Naong Hyegeun remained undeniable even in the late Joseon period, and the paper aims to reevaluate this Goryeo master.

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