The role of in situ and operando techniques in unraveling local electrochemical supercapacitor phenomena

초록

In response to the escalating demands for efficient energy storage solutions, the enhancement of currentsupercapacitor electrode materials and the innovation of advanced alternatives are paramount. Traditionalelectrochemical methods, which have their limitations in offering a deep understanding of local electrochemicalactivities, such as ion adsorption, intercalation as well as transport. To truly grasp, manage, and enhance theelectrochemical capabilities within energy materials, it’s vital to use in situ and operando characterizationtechniques. These sophisticated techniques are key to gaining a thorough understanding of reaction pathways,mechanisms of degradation, and how materials behave when subjected to real-world conditions. In situ andoperando techniques provide important information on how materials change over time, their redox reactions,the formation of the solid-electrolyte interface, other reactions occurring, and how ions move during operation. This article delves into the newest developments in these techniques, with a focus on their use in studying thestructural integrity, dynamic characteristics, changes in chemical environment, and the physical changes ofsupercapacitor materials. It covers a range of experimental strategies, including X-ray, electron, neutron, optical,and scanning probe methods. The review provides detailed descriptions of each technique’s methodology andoperating principles, with particular emphasis on the design of in situ cells. Representative studies utilizing thesetechniques are highlighted to offer a comprehensive overview of the current state of the field. By integratingthese advanced characterization methods, researchers can gain deeper insights into local electrochemical phenomena,leading to the optimization and enhancement of supercapacitor performance. This review serves as acrucial resource for scientists and engineers dedicated to advancing the capabilities and reliability of energystorage systems. Additionally, it addresses current challenges and identifies future opportunities for furtherdevelopment in this rapidly evolving field.

키워드