When hope falls short: differential roles of helplessness language and conditional expressions in predicting organizational future outlook

초록

This study investigates why employees with equally low current job satisfaction develop markedly different expectations about their organization's future. Moving beyond static satisfaction perspectives, we examine the paradox of "same present, different futures." Integrating psychological contract theory, hope theory, and learned helplessness theory, we conceptualize organizational future outlook as a temporally grounded indicator of the psychological contract and analyze how linguistic expressions reflect divergent cognitive orientations toward change. Using approximately 465,000 employee reviews collected from a Korean corporate review platform, we identified 93,276 reviews with uniformly low satisfaction ratings and applied a hybrid text mining approach combining dictionary-based analysis and BERT embeddings. Even within this uniformly dissatisfied group, future expectations diverged substantially: some anticipated growth, others stability, and many decline. Results indicate that the use of helplessness language (reflecting perceptions of stability, uncontrollability, and resignation) is systematically associated with more pessimistic future outlooks. In contrast, conditional expressions that articulate potential pathways for change (e.g., "if X changes, improvement is possible") are associated with less pessimistic evaluations. Notably, the mere use of positive or hopeful vocabulary does not predict future outlook, suggesting that hope functions not as simple positive affect but as a cognitive capacity to imagine actionable pathways. These findings extend psychological contract theory by illuminating its temporal dimension and demonstrate how computational linguistic analysis can uncover subtle psychological mechanisms shaping employees' future-oriented organizational judgments.

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