분황 원효의 중도일심과 퇴옹 성철의 중도무심 - 붓다·원효·성철의 연속과 불연속 -

초록

This paper examines Bunhwang Wonhyo’s (芬皇元曉, 617–686) “middle-way one mind” thought and Toeong Seongcheol’s (退翁性徹, 1912– 1993) “middle-way no-mind” thought, which draws from Buddha’s (624–544 BC) “middle-way dependent origination.” This article examines the continuity and discontinuity among these three ideas. Gotama Siddharta became an enlightened person (覺者, awakened one) by realizing the middle way and a seer (見者) of truth by discovering the dependent origination. For this reason, Gotama Buddha’s enlightenment can be called a middle-way dependent origination. Buddha’s middle way is the unbiased fundamental mind (One Mind) of all beings, and the dependent origination is the unbiased principle of all beings. Bunhwang Wonhyo utilizes various terms while explaining the concept of the middle way, such as “contemplation of one middle way,” “middle-way ultimate truth,” “contemplation of the middle-way ultimate truth,” “the middle-way single taste,” “the non-dual middle-way,” “the principle of the middle way,” “the middle-way one truth,” and “middle-way samādhi-prajñā.” Wonhyo explains both the conventional truth aspect of “making accessories by melting gold” and the conventional-truth middle-way aspect of “making a pot of gold by melting accessories.” He then explains the aspect of the ultimate truth middle-way, which dissolves the two truths aforementioned, and represents the one-dharma realm/one mind. Next, he explains conventional truth, ultimate truth, conventional truth middle-way, and ultimate truth middle-way through a series of metaphors. As a result, he presents the middle-way wisdom of neither ultimate nor conventional, neither edge nor center, in other words, a non-dual middle way. The middle way shown by Wonhyo was another expression of the one mind, the fundamental mind of an entity that is not biased toward either extreme. This can be said to be a non-dual harmonization of the two-truth system of the Madhyamaka school and the three-nature system of the Yogâcāra school. This harmonization represents the one-dharma realm or the one mind, which can also be called the middle-way one mind along with middle way. Toeong Seongcheol reveals the origin of the idea of “blocking both and illuminating both (雙遮雙照)” which is the middle-way principle that goes beyond both sides of presence and absence, based on the idea of “denying both and recognizing both (雙非雙亦)” in the Nirvana Sutra. The idea of “denying both (雙非)” means denying both existence and non-existence (非有非無). The idea of “affirming both (雙亦)” means affirming both existence and non-existence (亦有亦無), that is, recognizing both sides. Blocking both sides (雙遮, Ssangcha) means leaving both sides of denying both and affirming both. Illuminating both sides (雙照, Ssangjo) dependent origination.” Thus, they further enriched the history of Buddhist thoughts.

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