황벽 희운(黃檗 希運)의 삼사(三捨)

초록

This paper focuses on the “Three Renunciations (三捨),” a distinguishing idea in Huangbo Xiyun (黃檗 希運)’s Chan thought, and aims to examine their philosophical basis, details, and significance. The concepts appear in his analects, Chuanxin Fayao (傳心法要, Essential Teachings on the Transmission of the Mind). It is likely that the Three Renunciations were influenced by the Sanlun School (三論宗)’s “Three Levels of the Two Truths (三重二諦),” Huineng (慧能, 638-713)’s “Thirty-Six Relative Dharmas (三十六對法),” and Baizhang Huaihai (百丈 懷海, 749-814)’s “Three Phrases (三句).” These were the techniques that initially established relative concepts and subsequently negated them, guiding one beyond discrimination and attachment toward the Middle Path (中道). The Three Renunciations refer to “Great Renunciation (大捨),” “Middle Renunciation (中捨),” and “Small Renunciation (小捨).” Great Renunciation is when one lives freely with a mind like empty space, having let go of all discrimination. Middle Renunciation is practicing what is right without clinging to intention or attachment, having no expectation. Small Renunciation is when one engages in good deeds hoping for positive outcomes but, upon receiving proper teachings, begins to let go of attachment. These levels illustrate the gradual process of how “no-mind (無心),” the core concept in Huangbo’s thought, comes to realization. Compared with the Three Phrases proposed by Baizhang, the Three Renunciations are not only more concise, as they are confined to stages of spiritual practice, but also distinct in that they do not set any goal beyond the highest stage, Great Renunciation, whose attainment is regarded as the ultimate aim. In the history of Chinese Chan thought, the emergence of the Three Renunciations holds significance as a case demonstrating the inheritance and change within the tradition of Patriarchal Chan (祖師禪), centered on Hongzhou School (洪州宗), during the early development of the Five Schools of Chan.

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