隋나라 寶貴 등 合譯 『合部金光明經』의 호법성과 호국성 -元曉 『金光明經疏』와 청주 고인쇄박물관 소장 『합부금광명경』 권3과 관련하여-

초록

This study examines both the chapter on the purest state Dhāraṇī (陀羅尼最浄地品) in Bound volumes of Golden Light Sutra Vol. 3 — that Baogui (寶貴) of the Sui dynasty regathered — and the same chapter in Wonhyo's Regathered Commentaries on Golden Light Sutra, with respect to the relationship between the characteristics of defending the country and defending Buddha-dharma. Various forms of the characteristic of defending the country (護國性) and the characteristic of defending Buddha-dharma (護法性) appear in the four Agama Sutras and numerous Mahayana Buddhist scriptures. However, ‘Defending Buddha-dharma’ and ‘defending the country’ are correlated concepts: the two concepts have the same properties and show the characteristic that lends itself to one another. For this reason, it can be said that the concept of ‘defending Buddha-dharma’ and ‘defending the country’ seems to be moving in the same direction. In the Golden Light Sutra — which was jointly translated by Baogui of the Sui Dynasty (along with others) — there are many chapters showing the characteristics of both protecting the country and protecting the Buddha-dharma. In particular, the “four guardian gods chapter” and the “chapter on the purest state Dhāraṇī” show the characteristics of both defending the country and defending Buddha-dharma. In particular, the “chapter on the purest state Dhāraṇī” in Bound Volumes of Golden Light Sutra, Vol. 3 — as housed by Cheongju Early Printing Museum located at the old Hungduk temple site in Cheongju — and the “chapter on four guardian gods” and the “chapter on the purest state Dhāraṇī” in Wonhyo's Commentaries on Regathered Golden Light Sutra, demonstrate characteristics of both defending the country and defending Buddha-dharma. In addition, in the “chapter on analysis of three bodies” (三身分別品), “chapter on healing” (除病品), “chapter on silver master Dharani” (銀主陀羅尼品), and “chapter on entrusting” (咐囑品), the characteristics of both defending the country and defending Buddha-dharma can be observed. Above all, it is presumed that Wonhyo's Commentaries on Golden Light Sutra exerted a certain influence on why this sutra could be widely read among the public. In particular, the “chapter on the purest state Dhāraṇī” in Wonhyo's commentaries shows the connection between Dharani's characteristics of defending Buddha-dharma and defending the country in relation to section 6 of the “chapter on the purest state Dhāraṇī” in Bound Volume Golden Light Sutra, Vol.3, housed by the old print museum located in the old Hungduk temple site. Section 6 of the “chapter on the purest state Dhāraṇī” in the third volume of the Paramârtha translation is held in high esteem bibliographically in that it is the only edition that has four different ways of showing the readings of Chinese characters in the margin of the text. The four ways of writing to show the reading of a Chinese character are as follows: Chinese characters in simplified symbols; punctuation marks in the form of points, or lines; monochromatic ink writing; and inscribing letters with a sharp wooden pen without using ink. In this sutra, the Buddha states, "If the king of all these people listens to this sutra with all his heart, makes offerings, respects and admires it, then you four guardian gods should defend them, remove their anxiety and give them comfort." The Buddha also states that “If there is a person who spreads and circulates this subtle sutra widely, and can greatly benefit humans and immeasurable sentient beings in the heavens, such a person must be defended by you, the four guardian gods. They should be able to keep their minds quiet, enjoy happiness without being confused by other karma, so that they can continue to spread this sutra widely.” This means that, if the king of all people listens to this sutra with all his heart and gives thanks, honors, respects, and praises it, the four guardian gods will immediately protect them. This is the basis for gaining the Buddha-dharma's protection as a result of the protection of the country due to the workings of four guardian gods. Furthermore, the “chapter on the purest state Dhāraṇī” says, “If you memorize and uphold this Dharani, you will be freed from the following five fears, that are 1) All bad beasts such as tigers, wolves, and lions 2) All evil spirits 3) Humans and non-humans, enemies such as thieves 4) Disasters and misfortunes and 5) all afflictions. On top of this, you will also be freed from the five hindrances, and you will not forget the first through tenth stages of the ten Bodhisattva stages.” This message in the “chapter on the purest state Dhāraṇī” shows what needs to be done to protect Buddha-dharma and what happens as the results. In this manner, the characteristic of defending Buddha-dharma — which is given as a result of the practice of reciting and upholding the Dharani — secures the basis to justify the characteristic of defending the country. Therefore, the characteristic of defending Buddha-dharma and the characteristic of defending a country can be understood more naturally when approached from the aspect of 'mutual containment' (相卽) rather than the aspect of 'mutual entry' (相入).

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