승가갈마의 성립 요건에 대한 고찰 -누가 갈마에 참석할 수 없는가?-

초록

The Buddhist Saṅgha is a community that places great emphasis on harmony, and to ensure this, it has institutionalized a system known as kamma. For a kamma to be valid and effective, several conditions must be met, one of which is the qualification of its participants. The Campeyyakkhandhaka of the Pāli Vinaya enumerates 23 types of individuals who are ineligible to participate in kamma. This study classifies these 23 types into five categories: ① those who are not fully ordained monks, ② those who have renounced full ordination or committed a pārājika offense and thereby lost their status as bhikkhus, ③ those who have undergone one of the three types of ukkhepaniyakamma, ④ those who concealed disqualifying factors (antarāyika-dhamma) at the time of ordination, and ⑤ those who do not belong to the same territorial boundary (sīmā). By clarifying the characteristics of each category, this paper aims to define the qualifications required for participation in kamma. Among these, particular attention is given to the third group—those who have received one of the ukkhepaniyakamma is more complex than that of the other categories. These individuals typically hold onto wrong views, refuse to acknowledge their offenses, or fail to perform acts of confession. As kamma decisions require unanimous consent and full attendance, their refusal to submit to the Saṅgha’s judgment naturally renders them unfit to participate. Notably, however, they are not stripped of their bhikkhu status. Instead, they are designated as nānāsaṃvāsaka, and are permitted to form a separate sammukhībhūtasaṅgha, within which they may conduct their own kamma. This demonstrates that kamma is not merely a procedural device for decision-making, but a ritual framework that institutionally guarantees harmony within a community that shares common doctrinal understanding.

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