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초록

A solvent-friendly, eco-conscious blending strategy represents a green approach that emphasizes sustainability, biocompatibility, and environmental safety. This method leverages the inherent properties of biological substances to drive the synthesis process without relying on toxic chemicals or extreme conditions. Such natural functionalities not only promote efficient and safe material fabrication but also extend valuable applications in industrial practices and sustainable agricultural processes. Herein, cerium oxide (CeO2) and CeO2-chitosan-folic acid (CeO2-Cs-FA) nanocomposites (NCs) were prepared using Psidium guajava leaves extract as a green agent. X-ray diffraction patterns showed that the synthesized CeO2 exhibited a cubic structure. The antibacterial activities of CeO2 and CeO2-Cs-FA NCs against E. coli showed that CeO2-Cs-FA NCs exhibited higher antibacterial activity than CeO2 nanoparticles. The cytotoxicity of CeO2 and CeO2-Cs-FA NCs was assessed against the breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cell line using the MTT assay. The enhanced antibacterial performance and selective cytotoxicity of the NCs toward cancer cells could be attributed to the multifunctional coating and the dual nature of the CeO2 NPs. The cytotoxicity of CeO₂ and CeO₂-Cs-FA NCs was also evaluated in zebrafish embryos, with particular attention to their effects on apoptosis and ROS generation to understand the potential toxicity mechanisms. In silico, the Protein X model demonstrates high accuracy in predicting ligand-receptor interactions with various proteins, including FA, TFR, CXCR4, CLND3, CLND4 and CLND6, compared to the CeO2-Cs-FA, indicating specific predictor-based binding formations. Notably, CeO₂-Cs-FA NCs demonstrated lower toxicity compared to CeO₂ alone. These findings suggest that CeO2-Cs-FA NCs hold promise as environmentally compatible therapeutic agents with potential applications in antibacterial and anticancer therapies. © 2026 Elsevier B.V.

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