19세기 강원도의 승려 화악지탁의 서간 연구

초록

The Sambongjip(三峯集), a collection of writings by Hwaak Jitak (華嶽知濯), who was active in the Gwandong (關東) region in the 19th century, contains 11 letters addressed to Yeonghe Seonyeong (暎虛善影). These letters provide insight into the interaction between Confucianism and Buddhism. Hwaak and Yeonghe were both members of the Hamwol Haewon (涵月海源) lineage, which was associated with Seokwangsa (釋王寺) Temple on Seolbongsan (雪峯山) Mountain. As Yeonghe’s uncle and mentor, Hwaak taught him Zen meditation, and Yeonghe later recognized him as his 'teacher of Buddhist doctrine (法師)'. Hwaak’s high regard for Yeonghe was influenced by the Confucian emphasis on genealogy. In the letter "Giving to Yeoksan" (與櫟山書), Hwaak equated the truth of the Chapter on the Duration of Life of the Tathāgata in the Lotus Sutra with a phrase from the Śūrańgama Sutra: “To uphold a myriad of worlds with such a deep heart, this is called to repay the grace of the country” (將此深心奉塵刹 是則名爲報國恩). This phrase, widely known among Confucian scholars due to Zhu Xi, originally referred to 'the grace of the Buddha', but Hwaak reinterpreted it as 'the grace of the country'. This shift reflected Yeonghe’s role in royal prayer rituals and the pre-existing national character of Joseon Buddhism. Hwaak also asserted that the meaning of supporting the world (奉塵刹) could only be fully understood through study. He referenced Zhu Xi and Lee Choong-ik (李忠翊), both of whom cautioned against secular language. Zhu Xi’s view on secular language is recorded in Siin-Oksseol (詩人玉屑), a poetry critique that Hwaak likely recommended to Yeonghe. Although poetry critique was generally classified as secular language by Buddhist monks, Hwaak argued that it could still be read.

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