조선 불교에 미친 보조 지눌의 유풍

초록

Pojo Chinul 普照知訥 (1158-1210) was one of the most important monks in the Korean Sŏn Buddhist tradition. This paper explores Pojo’s influence on Chosŏn Buddhism in terms of the evolvement and expansion of his Sŏn. The paper first examines the efforts of Sŏnggwangsa monks to inherit Pojo’s Sŏn, focusing on the recovery of Susŏnsa practices, the rebuilding of the temple and promotion of sixteen state preceptors, and the publication of Chinul’s works, as well as the Puhyu lineage monks’ advocation for Chinul’s Sŏn. The paper then investigates the influences of Chinul’s Sŏn in early Chosŏn masters’ Sŏn thought and practice, focusing on the two masters. Hamho Kihwa 涵虛己和 (1376-1433), versed both in Sŏn and Kyo doctrines, emphasized “tono chŏmsu” 頓悟漸修 (sudden awakening followed by gradual cultivation) while PyŏkSŏng Chiŏm 碧松智嚴 (1464-1534), succeeding the Kanhua Chan (Kanhwa Seon) of Dahui Zonggao 大慧宗杲 and Gaofeng Yuanmiao 高峰原妙, practiced this Sŏn meditation with doctrinal studies as its preliminary step. The paper also discusses Ch’ŏnghŏ Hyujŏng’s 淸虛休靜 (1520-1604) endorsement for the simultaneous cultivation of Sŏn and Kyo with the emphasis on Kanhwa Sŏn, along with the monastic training curriculum, interpreting these two aspects as evidence for the continuation of Chinul’s Sŏn. This paper, however, also recognizes that Chosŏn Buddhism showed a different aspect regarding Chinul’s Sŏn. As the Imje T’aego lineage emerged as the orthodox lineage of Chosŏn Sŏn, the historical authority of Chinul did not come to be officially acknowledged. This, in particular, resulted from a specific Buddhist context of the time in which to search for the identity of Chosŏn Sŏn Buddhism in Imje Sŏn while inheriting both Sŏn (Kanhwa Sŏn) and Kyo (Hwaom). Nonetheless, the two axes of Kanhwa Sŏn and the simultaneous cultivation of Sŏn and Kyo surely demonstrate that Chinul’s Sŏn penetrated Chosŏn Buddhism, which means that Chinul’s Sŏn continued to evolve and expand in response to various changes and philosophical needs in specific times, not staying stagnant in its historical origin.

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