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초록

Background Antibiotics are prone to multidrug resistance (MDR), underscoring the urgent need for safer, sustainable, and efficient antibacterial strategies. In this context, this account presents the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for multifunctional applications, including antimicrobial efficacy, agricultural seed priming, and ecotoxicological assessment using a zebrafish embryo model.Methods A green chemistry-based synthesis of AgNPs is presented using Zingiber officinale extract as a biogenic reducing agent. The synthesized AgNPs were evaluated for antibacterial activity against MDR bacterial pathogens. Their potential benefits in agriculture were assessed through seed priming assays. Furthermore, the safety and toxicological effects of AgNPs were investigated using an in vivo zebrafish embryo model.Results The AgNPs were characterized using XRD, HR-TEM, SAED, XPS, and FTIR, confirming a narrow nanoscale size distribution ranging from 4 to 14 nm, high crystallinity, and stable surface capping. The antibacterial activity results showed that the lethal concentration at 80% (LD80) of the synthesized AgNPs is approximately 50 ppm against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. Seed priming assay results showed enhanced seed germination rate and vegetative growth across all tested AgNP concentrations (20 to 60 ppm). However, the results also showed that lower concentration ranges can be toxic to zebrafish embryos.Discussion The research demonstrates the antibacterial effectiveness of the synthesized AgNPs using the rhizome extract. Moreover, AgNP-mediated seed priming can enhance seed vigor and vegetative growth in two important crops, Trigonella foenum-graecum and Vigna radiata. However, zebrafish embryo toxicity tests showed serious ecotoxicological concerns. It is proposed to use AgNPs at safe, effective concentrations, considering the risk-benefit to avoid adverse effects on the environment, human health, and aquatic life.

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