네팔 불교의 특수성과 시대적 변화 분석 - 네와르 불교를 중심으로

초록

Today, Buddhism in Nepal is broadly categorized into three main traditions: (1) Newar Buddhism, deeply rooted in Indian Buddhism and fully localized within the Kathmandu Valley, (2) Tibetan Buddhism in Nepal, directly influenced by Tibetan Buddhism, and (3) Theravada Buddhism, which emerged in the early 20th century as a religious reform and social enlightenment movement. This paper specifically examines Newar Buddhism, focusing on the formation and evolution of its distinctive characteristics within the context of external influences-particularly Hinduism, the Theravada movement, and Nepal's political and historical backdrop. Newar Buddhism, led by two groups of Newar Buddhist priests, namely the Vajrācāryas and Śākyabhikṣus, traditionally emphasizes ritual ceremonies and associated knowledge systems deeply intertwined with the Vajrāyāna tradition. It also exhibits elements of Hinduization, such as adopting the Nepalese caste system. Over the past 600 years, Newar Buddhism has upheld its traditions in the Kathmandu Valley. However, recent observations indicate challenges in adapting to a rapidly changing society and limitations in engaging the broader populace. This paper provides an overview of the history, composition, and unique characteristics of Newar Buddhism. It highlights the contributions of Newar Buddhism to fostering a society in Nepal where diverse values coexist harmoniously. Additionally, it offers a forward-looking perspective on the future development of this Buddhist tradition.

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