Etiology (Risk Factors for Bladder Cancer)

Abstract

Bladder cancer is a multifactorial disease that can be affected by genetic factors, including various oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and genetic polymorphisms. In addition to genetic factors, a variety of environmental risk factors, such as occupational exposure to chemical carcinogens, cigarette smoking, nutritional factors, ingestion of analgesics or artificial sweeteners, infection and inflammation, radiation, and chemotherapeutic agents, can induce and promote the development and progression of bladder cancer. In this chapter, we aimed to review and summarize risk factors related to the development and progression of bladder cancer. © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.