Dose-response association of 24-hour urine sodium and sodium to potassium ratio with nighttime blood pressure at older ages

Abstract

Aims We investigated the dose-response association of 24-hour urine sodium and potassium with 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure. Design Cross-sectional community-based study. Methods Among the 1128 participants in the community-based cross-sectional survey, 740 participants (aged 20-70 years) with complete 24-hour urine collection and valid 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring were included in the study. Participants were grouped into younger (<55 years, n = 523) and older (>= 55 years, n = 217). Results In the older population, nighttime blood pressure linearly increased with 24-hour urine sodium and the sodium to potassium ratio. For 24-hour urine sodium, adjusted beta was 0.171 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.036-0.305) for nighttime systolic blood pressure and 0.144 (95% CI 0.012-0.276) for nighttime diastolic blood pressure. For the 24-hour urine sodium to potassium ratio, adjusted beta was 0.142 (95% CI 0.013-0.270) for nighttime systolic blood pressure and 0.144 (95% CI 0.018-0.270) for nighttime diastolic blood pressure. The 24-hour blood pressure linearly increased with the 24-hour urine sodium to potassium ratio and adjusted beta was 0.133 (95% CI 0.003-0.262) for 24-hour systolic blood pressure and 0.123 (95% CI 0.003-0.244) for 24-hour diastolic blood pressure. Daytime blood pressure and 24-hour systolic blood pressure showed a significant but non-linear association with 24-hour urine sodium among the older population. In the younger population, 24-hour urine sodium, potassium and the sodium to potassium ratio were not associated with ambulatory blood pressure. Conclusion In the older population, 24-hour urine sodium and the sodium to potassium ratio showed a linear and positive association with nighttime blood pressure, and 24-hour urine sodium was associated with 24-hour systolic blood pressure and daytime blood pressure in a non-linear fashion.