Performance Evaluation of Microbial Fuel Cell Using Biomass-Derived Carbon Electrode

Abstract

This study investigates a low-cost and sustainable approach to enhancing microbial fuel cell (MFC) performance using biomass-derived carbon electrodes. Activated carbon obtained from cashew nut shells was combined with copper (CN-Cu) and zinc (CN-Zn) to fabricate composite cathodes, while coconut water was used as the electrolyte due to its natural ionic strength and ability to support microbial activity. The CN-Cu electrode consistently outperformed CN-Zn, achieving a maximum voltage of 0.854 V with an areal power density of 0.227 W/m2 and a volumetric power density of 0.892 W/m3. In comparison, the CN-Zn electrode produced a maximum voltage of 0.601 V with 0.126 W/m2 and 0.496 W/m3. Electrode spacing also influenced performance, with a 10 cm separation delivering higher outputs than 20 cm. Material characterization using FTIR, XRD, SEM, and EDX confirmed the structural features contributing to enhanced electrochemical behavior. Overall, the findings highlight the potential of biomass-based CN-Cu electrodes as an efficient and cost-effective alternative for advancing sustainable MFC technologies. © 2026 Wiley-VCH GmbH.