β-Ionone suppresses colorectal tumorigenesis by activating OR51E2, a potential tumor suppressor

Abstract

Background: Olfactory receptors (ORs) are present in non-olfactory tissues and contribute to diverse biological roles beyond smell perception. Among them, OR51E2 has been associated with cancer biology, and its activator, (3-ionone, a natural terpenoid, is known to have anticancer effects. Purpose: This study aimed to clarify the tumor-suppressive role of OR51E2 in colorectal cancer (CRC), unravel the regulatory mechanism underlying its downregulation, and evaluate the therapeutic potential of (3-ionone, an OR51E2 ligand, in CRC progression. Study design and methods: OR51E2 expression was analyzed in human CRC tissues, matched adjacent normal tissues, and cell lines. The involvement of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification of OR51E2 mRNA stability was examined using METTL3/14 and YTHDF1/2/3 knockdown experiments. (3-Ionone-mediated effects on intracellular calcium signaling, cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis were evaluated in an OR51E2dependent manner. The therapeutic efficacy of (3-ionone was further evaluated in vivo using a xenograft model in nude mice. Results: OR51E2 mRNA expression and immunoreactivity were significantly reduced in CRC cells and tissues due to decreased mRNA stability. Knockdown of METTL3/14 or YTHDF1/2/3 increased OR51E2 mRNA and protein expression and inhibited CRC cell proliferation. Treatment with STM2457, an METTL3 inhibitor, restored OR51E2 expression and suppressed CRC cell proliferation. (3-Ionone, a ligand of OR51E2, increased intracellular calcium levels, decreased MEK/ERK phosphorylation, and inhibited CRC cell proliferation while inducing