The Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-alpha) in Autoimmune Disease and Current TNF-alpha Inhibitors in Therapeutics

Abstract

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) was initially recognized as a factor that causes the necrosis of tumors, but it has been recently identified to have additional important functions as a pathological component of autoimmune diseases. TNF-alpha binds to two different receptors, which initiate signal transduction pathways. These pathways lead to various cellular responses, including cell survival, differentiation, and proliferation. However, the inappropriate or excessive activation of TNF-alpha signaling is associated with chronic inflammation and can eventually lead to the development of pathological complications such as autoimmune diseases. Understanding of the TNF-alpha signaling mechanism has been expanded and applied for the treatment of immune diseases, which has resulted in the development of effective therapeutic tools, including TNF-alpha inhibitors. Currently, clinically approved TNF-alpha inhibitors have shown noticeable potency in a variety of autoimmune diseases, and novel TNF-alpha signaling inhibitors are being clinically evaluated. In this review, we briefly introduce the impact of TNF-alpha signaling on autoimmune diseases and its inhibitors, which are used as therapeutic agents against autoimmune diseases.