Varicella zoster virus (VZV)-specific immunity and subclinical VZV reactivation in patients with autoimmune diseases

Abstract

Background/Aims: The risk of herpes zoster (HZ) is increased in patients with autoimmune diseases (AID), probably due to immunosuppressive therapy. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study investigated varicella zoster virus (VZV)-specific immunity in relation to subclinical VZV reactivation in 48 AID patients and 48 healthy controls (HCs). We assessed humoral immunity (serum VZV immunoglobulin g [IgG], IgA, and IgM) and cell-mediated immunity (interferon-gamma [IFN gamma]-releasing assay) to VZV as well as salivary VZV DNA status. Subclinical VZV reactivation was confirmed by detecting VZV DNA in saliva or VZV IgM in serum in the absence of typical HZ symptoms. Results: Median IgA levels were higher in the AID group than in the HC group, while VZV IgG and IgM levels were comparable between the groups. AID patients showed fewer IFNy spot-forming cells (SFCs) upon VZV stimulation than HCs (58.2 vs. 122.0 SFCs/10(6) peripheral blood mononuclear cells [PBMCs], p < 0.0001). Subclinical VZV reactivation was more frequent in AID patients than in HCs (12.5% vs. 0%, p = 0.01). AID patients with VZV reactivation received prednisolone more frequently and at a higher dose than AID patients without reactivation. VZV-specific IFN gamma SFCs were significantly lower in patients with VZV reactivation among AID patients (26.3 vs. 62.6 SFCs/10(6) PBMCs, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Results suggest that poor cellular response against VZV might cause clinical and subclinical reactivation of VZV in AID patients.