Optimal angle of needle insertion for spinal anesthesia in patients with spondylolisthesis: an ultrasonographic study

Abstract

Background: Spondylolisthesis is a common degenerative spinal deformity. At the level of spondylolisthesis, the anatomy of the interlaminar space may differ from normal spine, in which case optimal angle of the needle insertion for spinal anesthesia may change. This study compared the optimal angle of needle insertion during spinal anesthesia in patients with and without lumbar spondylolisthesis using ultrasound. Methods: We recruited 40 patients, 20 with and 20 without lumbar spondylolisthesis (group S and N, respectively). Ultrasonography was performed in the transverse midline and parasagittal oblique views at the spondylolisthesis level and the adjacent upper level. We measured the probe application angle with the longest interlaminar height of the ligamentum flavum-dura mater complex (LFD), depth from the skin to the LFD, depth from the skin to the anterior complex, and intrathecal space width. A positive angle represented a cephalad angulation. Results: The optimal needle insertion angle in the transverse midline view at the spondylolisthesis level was (-) 2.7 +/- 3.4 degrees in group S and 0.8 +/- 2.5 degrees in group N (P < 0.001). In the parasagittal oblique view, it was (-) 2.7 +/- 4.5 degrees in group S and 1.0 +/- 3.2 degrees in group N (P = 0.004). There were no between-group differences in the angles at the upper level, with all cephalad angles in both views. Other ultrasound image data were comparable between groups. Conclusion: In patients with spondylolisthesis, caudad angulation of the spinal needle can aid successful spinal puncture at spondylolisthesis level, both in the midline and paramedian approaches.