Severe Scalp Psoriasis Microbiome Has Increased Biodiversity and Relative Abundance of Pseudomonas Compared to Mild Scalp Psoriasis

Abstract

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease associated with various factors. Recently, alterations in the gut and skin microbiomes have been shown to interact with host immunity, affect skin barrier function, as well as development and progression of psoriasis. We aimed to analyze the microbiota of the scalp of patients with psoriasis and determine the characteristics of the microbiome according to disease severity. We investigated the scalp microbiome of 39 patients with psoriasis scalp lesions and a total of 47 samples were analyzed. The patients were divided into mild, moderate, and severe groups according to the European recommendations for scalp psoriasis. For bacterial identification, we utilized the SILVA database targeting the V3 region of the 16 S rRNA gene. The mean Shannon index escalated along with disease severity, and the diversity of the scalp microbiome tended to increase with disease severity (R = 0.37, p < 0.01). The relative abundance of Pseudomonas was increased in severe scalp psoriasis (0.49 +/- 0.22) compared to the mild group (0.07 +/- 0.03, p = 0.029), and Diaphorobacter was enriched in the mild group (0.76 +/- 0.16%) compared to the severe group (0.44 +/- 0.22, p < 0.001). We identified that increased diversity of the scalp microbiome and the relative abundance of Pseudomonas are associated with the severity of scalp psoriasis.