청 강희제의 開海政策과 조선 西海海域의 荒唐船

Abstract

Kangxi, the fourth Emperor of the Qing dynasty, decided to lift the ban on maritime trade, after having succeeded in taking power from Zhengchenggong(鄭成功) who had commanded the seas. His new policy made chinese ships called Hwangdangseon(荒唐船), intrude frequently into the waters under jurisdiction of the Joseon dynasty. The year of the 1701 marked a watershed in the history of the penetration into Joseon's waters of chinese ships. They made frequent appearance mostly in western coastal areas of Seoghae(西海) Province on a large scale to organize convoys. There were seventy to eighty crews on board for a ship and one hundred for a bigger ship. They came in April when the wind becomes gentle and withdrew in August when the wind blows hard. The departing points of Chinese fishing boats were Dengzhou(登州) Subprefecture and Laizhou(萊州) Subprefecture in Shandong(山東), Liadong(遼東) coast’s Haizhou(海州) area ruled by Shengjing-general(盛京將軍) and Fengtian(奉天) police department, and Gakhwa island(覺華島) that was the last destination of Joseon’s envoy. Main reasons for the rapid increase of the penetration into Joseon's waters of chinese ships are as follows. The first reason is that the ban on maritime trade by Kangxi Emperor was lifted so that people could go fishing and trade. Secondly, natural disasters occurred in Shandong province around the year of 1701. In addition, the displacement of the fish and the sea cucumber fishing also played their role in that increase. Sea cucumber is edible and used as an invigorant. Furthermore, it was traded by many merchants. Since it has dyeing function, Chinese ships were eager to get it in the western sea, even disobeying the ban on maritime trade. The intrusion into the Joseon's waters on a large scale by chinese ships turned into a diplomatic dispute between Joseon and Qing. Joseon tried to settle the problem by addressing a diplomatic letter called Ziwen(咨文) to the Ministry of Rites(禮部) of the Qing dynasty, saying that Chinese ships penetrated into Joseon's waters under the pretext of fishing. However, Ziwen’s(咨文) effect was temporary and limited. Chinses ships did not stopped frequenting Joseon waters so that Joseon took a little stronger measure of sending Zouwen(奏文). Or Joseon informed the chinese emperor of the truth and asked him to solve that problem. The analysis of Kangxi emperor's handling the penetration into Joeson's waters by chinese ships reveals that Shengjing-general replaced the role of the governor of Liadong in Ming dynasty. Shengjing-general had responsibility for governing not only the territory of Shengjing area but also the seas.